Literary Review: Hedda Gabler Essays -- essays research papers

Title Hedda GablerAuthor Henrik IbsenSetting Un-named metropolis in Norway (probably Christiania - the Norwegian hood then)Time Period 1890Major CharactersHedda Gabler - (married name Hedda Tesman) Daughter of an aristocratic general who spoiled her. Shes used to a life of luxury in which she gets anything she wants. She is bore with her life because theres nothing new for her to see or experience. She marries George Tesman so that she wont be an oddball in society. Shes intimately thirty and realizes that shes not getting any younger or desirable. Hes the only one of her suitors who grovels for her hand in marriage, so she chooses him. She like a shot sees that she will be able to manipulate him into giving her anything she wants. She puts up with the fact that hes only interested in past civilizations and he doesnt satisfy any of her needs. She wants the power to shape the lives of others, and her obvious ennui wrecks not only her life, but the lives of all who come in contac t with her as well.George Tesman - in truth kind and intelligent man. He was raised by his aunts, Juliana and Rina. He remains devoted to them, even though Rina is an invalid. He does everything in his power to give Hedda the life shes used to. He annoys not only characters in the story, but readers as well. After almost all his sentences he asks the question Eh? (or What? depending on the translation). He is a gentleman and serves Hedda as if he were her slave and not her husband. He even accepts financial support from his aunt Juliana so that he can fork out the kind of life Hedda is used to, and to pay for the house he though she really wanted. He even depends on becoming the professor of history so that shell be proud of him and theyll have more financial security. He doesnt realize Hedda is manipulative, despises him, and doesnt even want to have their child. He believes her lies that she burnt the holograph for him as an act of love.Judge Brack - likes to gossip and be know e verything going on in peoples private affairs. He has connections around the city and uses that to provide information to Tesman about his candidacy for professorship in history. He informs them of the competition from Eilert Lovborg for the professorship, and also of his death. Brack shares an intimate relationship with Hedda, and she confides in him about her tediousness she has with he... ...straight in the lead of her and comments, So that pretty little fool has had her fingers in a mans destiny.Lovborg asks Hedda, Was there no love in your friendship for me either? non a spark--not a tinge of love in it? In this he expresses that he truly felt love for her, and that is what gave her power over him.Hedda asks herself, Oh, why does everything I touch give out mean and ludicrous? Its like a curse This comment emphasizes the fact that her ennui is affecting all of those around her. It has caused her to become nihilistic and wreak havoc on the lives of others for her own amusem ent.Hedda comments, I think I have a natural talent for boring myself to death. She realizes that much of her boredom is self-inflicted, just like when she told Judge Brack that as you make your bed so you must lieLovborg tells Hedda, It wasnt secret knowledge you wanted. You wanted life. They were discussing her curiosity in the past about his sinful life. She replies, I want to have the power to shape a human beings destiny.Hedda says, Yes, theres something in the house of the odor of deathOh, my dear Judge--you cant imagine how horribly Im going to bore myself here.

The Circus :: essays research papers

A carnival is an arena for acrobatic exhibitions and animal shows. Usually circular and surrounded by tiers of seats for spectators, a circus may be in the open air but is usually housed in a permanent building or sheltered by a tent. The term circus is also applied to the performance itself and to the troupe of performers. The entertainment offered at a circus generally consists of displays of horse cavalrymanship exhibitions by gymnasts, aerialists, wild-animal trainers, and performing animals and comic pantomime by clowns.The world-class modern circus was staged in London in 1768 by Philip Astley, a former sergeant major in the English cavalry, who performed as a trick rider. Beginning with a visit to Paris in 1772, Astley introduced the circus in cities throughout continental Europe and was responsible for establishing permanent circuses in a number of European countries as well as in England. A circus was first presented in Russia in 1793 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersb urg. By the early 19th coke several permanently based circuses were located in many larger European cities. In addition, scummy traveling shows moved from town to town in caravans of covered wagons in which the performers lived. The traveling shows were usually simple affairs, featuring a fiddler or two, a juggler, a ropedancer, and a few acrobats. In the early circuses such performers gave their shows in open spaces and took up a collection for pay later, the performers used an enclosed area and began to posture admission. By contrast, the permanently-based circuses of Europe staged elaborate shows. In the earlier part of the 19th century a main feature of the permanent circus course of study was the presentation of dramas that included displays of horsemanship.The circus was introduced in the United States by John Bill Ricketts, an English equestrian who opened a show in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1792 and staged subsequent circuses in New York City and Boston, Massachuset ts. President George Washington reportedly attended a Ricketts circus and sold the company a horse in 1797. The Ricketts circus remained in existence, with several name changes, through the first decade of the 19th century. Some of the outstanding companies in the early history of American circuses were the Mount Pitt circus and the troupes of the American animal tamer Isaac Van Amburgh, the American chemist and inventor Gilbert Spaulding, and the American clown Dan Rice.Throughout the 19th century the circus evolved in programming and

The Move from Doubt to Certainty; A Look at the Theories of Descartes and Locke :: essays research papers

Descartes is interested in the certainty of his existence and the existence of other people and things. Descartes beliefs qualify from those of Socrates. Descartes argues that knowledge is acquired through awareness and experience. Using this approach, Descartes moves through incertitude to certainty of his existence. He asks himself various questions about the certainty of his existence and solves them through exposed estimate and logic. Using this method Descartes earnes doubts to be truths and by the end of the book, he has established that he does indeed exist. In this paper, I will show how Descartes moves through doubt to certainty. I will explain how Descartes uses the cogito, proves the existence of God and what that means to his existence. I will also discuss the general rules of truth that Descartes establishes. In the First speculation Descartes begins to examine what is certain and what is doubtful. Descartes wants to establish that his knowledge is certain and no n doubtful. He states, ...I had accepted many false opinions as being true, and that what I had based on such insecure principles could only be most doubtful and uncertain so that I had to undertake seriously once in my life to relinquish myself of all opinions I had adopted up to then, and to begin, and to begin afresh from the foundations, if I wished to establish something firm and constant in the sciences.(Descartes 95) By this Descartes means that he wishes to establish a foundation for his knowledge based on certainty instead of doubt. Descartes first looks at the senses. This is important because the senses are the first thing to cause doubt. He focuses on the perception of things. He says that things far from him, in the distance, give him reason to doubt their certainty, while things that are close to him are indubitable and he is clear about their certainty. However, Descartes realizes that dreams pose an obstacle to his beliefs. Even up close, dreams can be indubitable. Descartes believes that if a person has had a dream that was so intense that the person could not determine it form reality, then they have reason to doubt objects that are close to us and appear to be indubitable. In order to resolve this problem, Descartes suggests that angiotensin-converting enzyme must examine whether they are dreaming or not. Descartes realizes that he can not rely on his senses anymore to give him dubitable truths.

Classical Management Theory Essay -- Classical Management Theories Ess

unadulterated counsel openingEarly Management TheoriesEarly Theories of Organizations emerged primarily for military and Catholic Church. The metaphor of the machine was dominant, where organizations are viewed as machines. Therefore, the organizational application was, since histrions behave predictably (as machines do rarely deviate from the norm), management knows what to expect, and lasters run outside expectations are replaced.Classical Management Theories There are three well-established theories of classical management Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, Fayol?s Administrative Theory, weber?s Theory of Bureaucracy. Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to complement or coexist with previous ones. &61504Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, U.S.AFrederick Taylor (1856-1915) ?The Father of Scientific Management?.Scientific Management hypothesis arose fr om the need to increase productivity in the U.S.A. especially, where adept labor was in piffling supply at the beginning of the twentieth century. The only way to expand productivity was to raise the efficiency of pretenders.Taylor devised four principles for scientific management theory, which were1. The development of a true science of management, 2. The scientific selection and training of actioners, 3. Proper remuneration for fast and high-quality work4. Equal division of work and responsibility between worker and managerLimitations of The Theory of Scientific ManagementAlthough it maximized efficiency and productivity but its main limitation was ignoring human aspects of employment. This is manifested in the avocation? Some workers and unions opposed this theory because they feared that working harder or faster would exhaust whatever work was available, causing layoffs. ? Objection to the speed up conditions that placed unwarrantable pressures on employees to perform at f aster levels, some managers exploited both workers and customers. ? Reducing worker?s role to a rigid adherence to required methods and procedures.? The increased fragmentation of work due to its emphasis on divisional labor .? Economically based approach to the motivation of employees .? It put planning and manipulate of workplace activities only in the hands of managers.... ...Late 1980s renewed interest in organizational climate and groups Late 1980s rise of participatory management techniques known by such terms asTotal Quality Management (TQM), Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI).1986 first ruling by U.S. Supreme Court on subject of sexual torment Late 1980s work stress received increasing attention in I/O research, theory, and practice Balancing work and family lives received increasing attention.References- validation and Management of Health Care, April 2002, Version 2.0 , Main Contributor Katie Enock, Public Health Specialist, Harrow Primary Care Trust www.healthknowl edge.org.uk- Henri Rayol industrial and General Administration, J.A.Caubrough, trans.(Geneva International Management Institute, 1930) - http//www.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/ryn/projects/inventors/taylor/taylor.html- http//www.survey-software-solutions.com/walonick/organizational-theory.htm- http//www.glass-time.com/gainsharing/Motivation.html- http//www.mtsu.edu/pmccarth/io_hist.htm- http//home.eclions.net/mbobic/Version17.htm- http//www.lib.uwo.ca/business/fayol.html- http//www2.pfeiffer.edu/lridener/DSS/Weber/WEBRPER.HTML Classical Management Theory Essay -- Classical Management Theories EssClassical Management TheoryEarly Management TheoriesEarly Theories of Organizations emerged mainly for military and Catholic Church. The metaphor of the machine was dominant, where organizations are viewed as machines. Therefore, the organizational application was, since workers behave predictably (as machines do rarely deviate from the norm), management knows what to expect, and workers operating outside expectations are replaced.Classical Management Theories There are three well-established theories of classical management Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, Fayol?s Administrative Theory, Weber?s Theory of Bureaucracy. Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to complement or coexist with previous ones. &61504Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, U.S.AFrederick Taylor (1856-1915) ?The Father of Scientific Management?.Scientific Management theory arose from the need to increase productivity in the U.S.A. especially, where skilled labor was in short supply at the beginning of the twentieth century. The only way to expand productivity was to raise the efficiency of workers.Taylor devised four principles for scientific management theory, which were1. The development of a true science of management, 2. The scientific selection and training of workers, 3. Proper remuneration for fast and high-quality work4. Equal division of work and responsibility between worker and managerLimitations of The Theory of Scientific ManagementAlthough it maximized efficiency and productivity but its main limitation was ignoring human aspects of employment. This is manifested in the following? Some workers and unions opposed this theory because they feared that working harder or faster would exhaust whatever work was available, causing layoffs. ? Objection to the speed up conditions that placed undue pressures on employees to perform at faster levels, some managers exploited both workers and customers. ? Reducing worker?s role to a rigid adherence to compulsory methods and procedures.? The increased fragmentation of work due to its emphasis on divisional labor .? Economically based approach to the motivation of employees .? It put planning and control of workplace activities only in the hands of managers.... ...Late 1980s renewed interest i n organizational climate and groups Late 1980s rise of participatory management techniques known by such terms asTotal Quality Management (TQM), Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI).1986 first ruling by U.S. Supreme Court on subject of sexual harassment Late 1980s work stress received increasing attention in I/O research, theory, and practice Balancing work and family lives received increasing attention.References- Organisation and Management of Health Care, April 2002, Version 2.0 , Main Contributor Katie Enock, Public Health Specialist, Harrow Primary Care Trust www.healthknowledge.org.uk- Henri Rayol Industrial and General Administration, J.A.Caubrough, trans.(Geneva International Management Institute, 1930) - http//www.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/ryn/projects/inventors/taylor/taylor.html- http//www.survey-software-solutions.com/walonick/organizational-theory.htm- http//www.glass-time.com/gainsharing/Motivation.html- http//www.mtsu.edu/pmccarth/io_hist.htm- http//home.eclions.net /mbobic/Version17.htm- http//www.lib.uwo.ca/business/fayol.html- http//www2.pfeiffer.edu/lridener/DSS/Weber/WEBRPER.HTML

beatrice is the vita nuova Essay -- essays research papers fc

A very poignant moment in any persons life is when they meet someone who they think so highly that they place on a pedestal in their mind. If ever there was a doubt of love at first sight, Dante Alighieri disproves the unbelief with his first sighting of Beatrice in his Vita Nuova. When Dante recounts his second encounter with Beatrice he says that she greeted him but does non state how exactly she acknowledged him. The ineffable courtesy that she greeted him with implies that the encounter was not spoken. by dint of complete silent encounters, the love Dante harbors for Beatrice still continues to flourish. In one of Dantes sonnets he says the followinghence I abide impoverished, in such a way that I fear to speak. Thus wishing to do as those who out of shame conceal their want,outwardly I show joy,and inwardly at the heart I waste away and weep. Despite Dante being filled with overwhelming joy by the thought of Beatrice, he never publically expresses his love for her. The wh ole essence of Dantes being was accounted for through Beatrices greetings to him. Although the definition of her greetings is undefined in his accounts, Dantes mood is dependent on his interactions with Beatrice. Through the words in his sonnets, Dante m...

Firms Expansion in Global Markets Essay -- Business, Internationaliza

Literature Review and Hypothesis DevelopmentStudies cerebrate to trustworthys expansion in global markets have received increasing attention at both empirical and conceptual levels. Numerous conceptual frame full treatment and studies have been put frontward outlining firms choice on the way to establish internationalization procedure Whitelock (2002) and Andersen (1997). In prior studies related to the strategic management and international business have investigated a lot about the performance inference of the globally diversification strategies. However there is less produce done on the performance inference of the globalization strategies related to the entrepreneurship and firm related literature. It has been empirically tested and argued by several researchers that better firms performance is related with the better level of global diversification for example Daniels and Bracker (1989), Tallman and Li (1996), Grant (1987) and Kim, Hwang and Burgers (1993).Barringer and Gre ening (1998) argued that one of the most important paths for the firms growth is geographical expansion. This type of growth strategy is relatively much important for SMEs whose scope has been confined geographically. According to Zahra, Ireland, and Hitt, (2000) the larger volume of growth and production of firms can be achieved by expanding customer bases by going into new markets. Furthermore in different geographic areas of the world, markets prevails different conditions. Firms can get high rate of impart on their assets and can take advantage on market imperfection by leveraging their assets in dissimilar markets. SMEs will have to expand crossways the border markets to get better opportunities and better rate of returns to their assets.Milinaric (2010) has focuse... ...ee hypotheses were developed through extensive literature review.H1 Location specific divisors are positively related with firms foreign market performance.H2 Firm specific factors are positively related with firms foreign market performance.H3 Owner specific factors are positively related with firms foreign market performance.Theoretical FrameworkFLO-FE modelMeasurementBefore conducting regression analyses, data reduction was performed for factor analysis. The Firm specific factors, Location specific factors and Owner specific factors were measured on 5 point Liker scale. Ranking started from 1= strongly disagree to 5= strongly agree. The responses to the Foreign entry performance questions ranged from 1=Much Worse to 5=Much better.To determine the internal reliability of the variables, cronbachs of import was run.

Firms Expansion in Global Markets Essay -- Business, Internationaliza

Literature Review and Hypothesis DevelopmentStudies related to firms expansion in global foodstuffs have received increase attention at both empirical and conceptual levels. Numerous conceptual frame works and studies have been put frontward outlining firms select on the way to establish internationalization procedure Whitelock (2002) and Andersen (1997). In prior studies related to the strategic management and international business have investigated a push-down storage about the performance inference of the globally diversification strategies. However there is less work done on the performance inference of the globalization strategies related to the entrepreneurship and firm related literature. It has been empirically tested and argued by several researchers that better firms performance is related with the better level of global diversification for example Daniels and Bracker (1989), Tallman and Li (1996), Grant (1987) and Kim, Hwang and Burgers (1993).Barringer and Greening ( 1998) argued that one of the most of the essence(p) paths for the firms growth is geographic expansion. This type of growth strategy is relatively much important for SMEs whose scope has been confined geographically. According to Zahra, Ireland, and Hitt, (2000) the larger volume of growth and production of firms can be achieved by expanding customer bases by going into new securities industrys. furthermore in different geographic aras of the world, markets prevails different conditions. Firms can get high rate of return on their assets and can take advantage on market imperfection by leveraging their assets in dissimilar markets. SMEs will have to expand across the border markets to get better opportunities and better rate of returns to their assets.Milinaric (2010) has focuse... ...ee hypotheses were unquestionable through extensive literature review.H1 Location specific factors are positively related with firms foreign market performance.H2 Firm specific factors are posit ively related with firms foreign market performance.H3 Owner specific factors are positively related with firms foreign market performance.Theoretical FrameworkFLO-FE modelMeasurementBefore conducting regression analyses, data reduction was performed for factor analysis. The Firm specific factors, Location specific factors and Owner specific factors were measured on 5 point Liker scale. Ranking started from 1= strongly disagree to 5= strongly agree. The responses to the Foreign entry performance questions ranged from 1= a good deal Worse to 5=Much better.To determine the internal reliability of the variables, cronbachs alpha was run.

Intercultural communication Essay

Perception in psychology is defined as a process of obtaining maturation through ones senses and interpreting that information as something meaningful. Perception muckle either be programmed into or learnt by a brain, or it can be formed due to ones culture. Culture based perception is in some way influenced by experiences of culture and environment. For example, a mortals perception of right and wrong may be based on the norms of the society he lives in. Some characteristics of the American culture and their examples Individualism American youth move out to gain independence and to build their lives.Equality providing equal opportunities to candidates during job recruitment processes. Materialism the culture of recycling and having garage gross revenue depicts how Americans value material goods and dont waste resources. Science and technology strong encouragement for science projects during schooling, and promoting it through movies and television. Progress and change resea rch and development in various fields is strongly supported by the government, so that the country may continue to be progressive and become a originate in every field.Work and leisure as much importance as work is given in the American culture, there is equal attendance paid to leisure and recreation as is evident through the countless getaways and recreational family parks present in the country. Competition incentive plans at work, and similar reward systems during education promote the notion of healthy competition among the Americans. Work, Dress, Sex and Status In America, work and productivity are considered important to achieve a high standard of living which is why the annual number of work hours has been increasing every year.Dressing habits tend to be highly informal concepts homogeneous Casual Fridays at work reflect this part of the American culture. Sex education is imparted at an early stage to students to increase awareness about and to slander sexually tran smitted diseases. The culture of discriminating based on social status has been fading out as the notion of equality has started to spread more(prenominal) powerfully. Theories by Hofstede, Hall, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck to Analyze Culture These theories and the studies that had been conducted by these people, in my opinion, are quite useful in this age of globalization and ever-diminishing boundaries.They highlight the importance of differences in cultures worldwide, trance also highlighting the similarities and therefore helping cross-culture psychologists find a common set of human values. Bibliography paddy field Underwood (2006) CCMS Communication studies, Culture studies, Media Studies Infobase by Mick Underwood. Retrieved on February 20, 2007 from http//www. cultsock. ndirect. co. uk/MUHome/cshtml/index. html Wikipedia (2006) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on February 20, 2007 from http//en. wikipedia. org.

Capitalism and Individualism in Robinson Crusoe Essay

In popular imagination Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe has be gravel an adventure story for children, for which the veritable novel is not responsible, but the abridged and bowdlerized versions must be blamed. A close reading of the original text reveals a novel of enormous signifi offerce. In m whatever ways the novel can be said to be defining the unexampled citizen of capitalistic society. It is as well widely regarded as being the initial modern novel. In f flake this latter claim is not unrelated to the previous proposition. The modern novel is not only a mirror to the modern psyche, but also bears an organic relationship to it. A general proposition is that literature was the means by which the modern psyche came into being, and the modern novel is specially instrumental in this sense. In this regard Robinson Crusoe not only bushels the agenda of modern capitalist economy and various(prenominal)ism, but was also a key phenomenon that helped bring or so its realization.The German sociologist Weber made the observation that the character of Robinson Crusoe was the ideal example of the Protestant ply ethic in action (118). In his desert island isolation Crusoe constitutes the discovery of beau ideal, and leavees personal communion with Him through his newly found faith and the aid of the volume. T here(predicate)fore he is the quintessential Protestant. Webers general dissertation was that the Protestant nurtures an ascetic relationship to work. In the absence of supporting church and societal structures, the Protestant falls upon his material activity to express his devotion.According to the doctrines set out by Luther and Calvin, the Protestant establishes a personal communion with God, justified by his faith in Jesus Christ as the Savior, and in the Bible as the word of God. This was the doctrine of justification by faith. It necessitated that the Protestant maintain an intense relationship to work, this being the only means by which to estab lish piety and purposefulness. This is what Weber calls the Protestant work ethic.There is no doubt that Robinson Crusoe exemplifies this principle. The overriding characteristic of the Protestant is his isolation and individualism. In normal circumstances we would consider of a Protestant as kernelually isolated. But in Crusoes tale this isolation is magnified and made tangible. He is physically isolated from society, isolated on a desert island, and his spiritual isolation comes in tandem. He discovers God in the worst depths of his despair, and it is a discovery born purely of his witness life circumstances, and the signs that God has transmitted to him therein.He comes to God in complete isolation, with his own experience and the words of the Bible al wholeness pointing the way. The rest of the novel can be seen as his continuing conversation with God. On Crusoes part the conversation is carried out through a constant strengthening of faith, along with persistence in his wo rk to maintain himself on the island. The responses of God are to be read in the improving circumstances of Crusoe, as he gradually becomes much and more master of his own dominion. This is exactly what the Protestant expects. Salvation is through work, which is a form of piety.Webers further contention is that modern capitalism is result of the Protestant work ethic. In the following passage he explains the adjoin whereby spiritual enthusiasm brings about sparing activityThose indexy phantasmal movements whose significance for scotch development lay primarily in their ascetic and educative impact, commonly only exhibited their full economic effect after the spicy point of purely spectral enthusiasm had already been passed when the convulsive search for the kingdom of God was gradually beginning to dissolve into sober, vocational virtue, the religious reference was slowly dying out and giving way to utilitarian worldliness. (Ibid)Diligence was the prime virtue of the Puri tan from the very beginning, even though it did not await to be capitalistic at prototypal. In the ahead of time days, after the Protestant Reformation, much of the Puritan zeal was transmitted into revolutionary activity. The English Civil War, the overcoming of monarchy, the uprooting of the gray aristocratic order, the annulment of organized religion, all this stemmed from Puritan zeal.Eventually the Whigs, the moderate Protestants, took over the reins of power and began to persecute the Puritans in turn for their zeal. In measure the religious enthusiasm mellowed and was channeled, as Weber describes, into sober, vocational virtue. Utilitarian worldliness was only the end product of this evolution, and in which form we key it as modern capitalism.Weber goes on to cite the Shakespearean scholar Edward Dowden, who places Defoes novel at exactly this point of sociological transition. It was where Bunyans Pilgrim, scurrying past Vanity Fair, filled with his lonely inward stri ving after the kingdom of heaven, was replaced in the popular imagination by Robinson Crusoe, the isolated economic man who pursues missionary work on the side (Ibid). Dowden tends to belittle the religious agent as false, and wants to define the character of Crusoe as unflinchingly and ruthlessly capitalistic. Weber, however, does not plant this mistake.Religion and worldly diligence go hand and hand, and is an attitude without which capitalism is impossible. Material greed does not deliver capitalism. Only if the profit-making endeavor is undertaken as an act of asceticism is it possible for all the gains to be ploughed back into industry and thereby keep the machine of capitalism in motion. Weber made a thorough analysis of all the major civilizations in order to show that they were not capable of producing capitalism because the ascetic relationship to work was absent. Any magnetic dip in this direction would be defeated by the ills bred by covetousness and greed.Karl Marx wa s also tempted to jettison the religion of Crusoe and analyze him in name of being an economic man alone. Of his prayers and the like we take no aim, he says, since they are a source of pleasure to him, and he looks upon them as so much recreation (Marx 47). It is a lead followed by many modern economists. For example Peter Mathias describes it as a sophisticated myth of the ascent of man, of economic growth by dint of the work ethic, of the imperative of improvement and the determination to master nature (17).It is plain to see why economists are tempted to invade the island of Crusoe. It is because the analysis of economics is restricted to personal of necessity and their fulfillment. The only cognizance made towards the existence of society is in the introduction of the swap mechanism, so that the surplus product of ones labors can be exchanged with that of anothers to mutual benefit. In this process society is minimized and personal needs are maximized. The obsession of the e conomist is with personal desires, and so he is happy to push society to the distance. In Robinson Crusoes plight Defoe has created a locating which attracts the gaze of the economist compulsively.Defoe does not disappoint along with the religious awakening of Crusoe we are also given a meticulous account of his economic situation. Once set on his task of survival he surveys his situation dispassionately, seeing himself as a creature of needs, placed on an island of limited resources, and his own capacity of labor to transform the resources into products of use, i.e. commodities that are able to meet his needs. He cultivates close to land to plant barley and rice. He makes a fishing rod to catch fish from the sea. After a few years of much(prenominal) effort he gets the measure of things and realizes that he should avoid being wasteful.He calculates that he cannot consume more than forty bushels of barley and rice in one year, and settles thus the amount that should be planted fo r harvest each year. I had no competitor, none to dispute sovereignty or command with me I might have raised ship-loadings of corn, but I had no use for it so I let as little grow as I approximation enough for my occasion (Defoe 118). But a bad crop one year makes him reproach himself for his laziness, and he duly plans for insurance against future disasters. I resolved for the future to have two or three years corn beforehand so that, whatever might come, I might not survive for want of bread (Ibid 144).But apart from this there is little of economic analysis to be pursued in his situation. This is because, beyond future insurance, he has no need for surplus production, and more importantly, because there is no exchange. After he recovers gold coins from the wreck of the ship he realizes the intrinsic futility of money when it has no exchange value. This has led Rich Whately to comment that Robinson Crusoe is in a position of which Political Economy takes no cognizance (5). Whil e this is true, the fascination for the economist still holds.This is credibly because Crusoe exemplifies the inner heart of capitalism, that which political economy tries to overlook or deny. For example, societal cost is a concept that has only recently forced its way into the discussion of political economy, and only after degradation of the global environment on a massive scale. But to Crusoe it appears immediately. After he has cut down some wild vines he musesI thought those beautiful vines and those slender young trees were free goods they belonged to nobody. I thought the costs were all external. But I didnt realize that when I cut them down, I would be depriving myself of this intangible source of pleasure. Since I am the only one on the island and will be here for some time then it is clear that I did not correctly evaluate my true costs of production. (Ibid 91).Crusoe also exemplifies the ascetic impulse involved in capitalism, that which totally escapes the scrutiny of political economics. While he has become seemingly immersed into the world, he makes contrary claims, saying that he now sees the world as something remote. I had nothing indeed to do with it, nor was ever likely to have, so I thought it looked, as we may perhaps look upon it hereafter viz. as a place I had lived in, but was come out of it (Ibid 117). Through his isolation, and his discovery of God, he has found a purpose that lies beyond the confines of the world. If he was yet physically in it, his diligence was but an expression of his piety.Without this otherworldly presence he would be consumed by greed and covetousness. Crusoe is always conscious of the event that he has escaped these evils by being distanced from society. He sees the hands of Providence in this design, that he should be marooned on a desert island, outback(a) from all the wickedness of the world here, in order that his soul be saved (Ibid). He comes to see the island as a veritable Eden, capable of cleanup position sin from anyone who finds himself in his own situation The most covetous, griping miser in the world would have been cured of the vice of covetousness if he had been in my case for I possessed infinitely more than I knew what to do with (Ibid 118).Another aspect of modern capitalism is the inalienable justs of the human, which we also find delineated in the novel. Locke has completed the concept of human rights on a philosophical basis through his Two Treatises on Government. The premise to his analysis was the individual as an isolated element in society, and therefore he works on the basis of Protestantism. That which Locke derives through philosophy, Defoe presents to us in natural narrative form through the situation of Robinson Crusoe. The first step is his removal from society, and the second step is his removal from the world, through his discovery of God, and the realization that his diligence is but a means of worshipping God, and beyond this he had no truck wi th material existence.But the more and more diligent he becomes, therefore, the more and more he strengthens his communion with God, the more and more conscious does he become of his mastery over his own dominion. As Philip Zaleski puts it, This conversion does not go unrequited as Robinson surrenders to God, the island surrenders to him (40). His purposefulness is otherworldly, but the worldly mark of it is the right of will power that he establishes over his territory. It is part of the conversation that the Protestant establishes with God. If he is justified by his faith, and that alone, God will convey this message to him through his worldly circumstances.In many points of the novel we find Crusoe becoming conscious of his inalienable rights, and marveling at what he possesses by the grace of God. In one guarded moment, piece ambling through a scenic valley, he rejoices in his sense of possession I was king and lord of all this country indefensibly, and had a right of possessi on and if I could convey it, I might have it in inheritance as completely as any lord of a manor in England (Defoe 92) This is indeed a novel conception of right, and one that was overtaking the feudal and aristocratic rights of old, rooted in primogeniture. Only through his pious diligence has Crusoe come to possess this piece of land. The example of Crusoe is a microcosm of capitalism staking its right over the commodity products of capitalistic diligence.This sense of mastery and possession eventually extends to people too. He saves a prisoner of the cannibals, who occasionally visit the island to ritually consume their captives. He enslaves him in turn, calls him Friday, converts him to Christianity, and more importantly, teaches him awe towards European civilization, and thereby establishes between them the colonial master-slave relationship. most(prenominal) modern commentators find this aspect of the novel hard to stomach. James Joyce said of Robinson Crusoe, He is the true prototype of the British colonist The whole Anglo-Saxon spirit is in Crusoe the manly independence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slow yet efficient intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity (qtd. in Phillips 33).The feminist critic Ulla Grapard comments that the self-sufficiency of Crusoe is misleading, for it fails to take into account the slavery he imposes on Friday. There is also the suggestion that civilization is the product of European man and his communion with god, with the exclusion of women and others, and therefore imposes boundaries separating those who belong in economic discourse from those who do not (Grapard 33). These are all valid complaints, but fail to take into account that colonialism and male-centeredness are inextricably part of capitalism.not only the contents of Robinson Crusoe, but the middling itself was a revolutionary phenomenon. The novel form was an innovation that proved ideal to capture the spirit of individuali sm, as sound as portray the plight of the individual in context of capitalistic modernity. According to Chesterton, the novel concerns itself with relationships. He also calls it a feminine medium, because understanding sociable relationship is the forte of women (39).Many consider Aphra Behn to be the first novelist, who published a generation before Defoe. But Oroonoko does not dissect social relationships to any extent, and is more intent on plain narrative, even though long. When the novel came of age in the Victorian era the female practitioners of the form advanced the medium greatly, among them Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte. But there is good reason to call Robinson Crusoe the first novel, even though it is set far from human society, and therefore cannot deal with human relationships greatly.Defoes effort is the first novel because it considers the relationship that precedes all others, which is the relationship between man and God. Because of his physical isolation and instinct for survival, Coleridge saw in the character of Robinson Crusoe the usual representative, the person for whom every reader could substitute himself (qtd. in Keane 51). For a novel to succeed the reader must be able to identify with the protagonist in some way. In the case of Crusoe the readers identification is not only universal, but also works at a very primeval level.Walter Allen call it a dramatization of the inescapable solitariness of each man in his relation to God and the universe (28). It is something that the individual must come to terms with before he can relate to others. Weber contends that Protestantism gave birth to the individual of modern capitalism, and identifies the Protestant work ethic as the means by which this became the social norm. But he fails to recognize the extent to which literature was also the instrument.Even before the advent of the novel literature was thoroughly engaged in the process of creating a secular instrument of creative expres sion. In the Christian era literature was overwhelmingly devotional, and even then limited by the parameters of Church doctrine. same Bruno, Savonarola and Galileo, many were the martyrs and victims to the cause of self-expression. With the Protestant Reformation the authority of the Church was overcome, resulting in the emancipation of literature. It did not just express individualism, but was the means by which the individual discovered a new voice.For example, instead of composing paeans to the saints, Ben Jonson wrote flattering poetry aimed at his aristocratic patrons, and meant only for circulation in aristocratic circles. Even when the content was religious there was bound to be a personal or metaphysical element associated, as we find in the poetry of John Donne and George Herbert. The specific generation of the novel can be traced to the search for scientific clarity and objectivity in literature. The Royal Society of London, apart from fostering scientific experimentation , also further a style of writing that reflected scientific precision. The trend emerged of keeping diaries and journals such a process was thought to mimic the procedure of scientific and empirical observation.The early members of the Royal Society were avid keepers of diaries, notable among them Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn. Diaries of prominent people were published posthumously. These served as the blueprints for the first novels. We notice that in Robinson Crusoe, Defoe is straining to follow the journal format in order to infuse credibility to his tale. There is even a section which is strictly in the diary format, which Defoe abandons after a point, with the plea that Crusoe had run out of paper and ink. In truth it is a desperate attempt at realism, and Defoe only discards it when he sees that it is impeding the flow of the narrative, and that the last is more important.It must be kept in mind that Robinson Crusoe is not yet a novel, but is striving to become one. The grea test effort is made to mask the fictional aspect. The frontispiece of the original edition emblazons the word LIFE from the full title, which reads The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner. To Defoe it was vital that the work be read as memorial. The coveted effect was realism, and to achieve this Defoe employs the style of the diarist.David Marshall comments From the outset, the narrative is preoccupied with autobiography itself as Robinson Crusoe engages in repeated and at times almost compulsive acts of autobiography (899). Believability and the willingness of the reader to identify with the protagonist is crucial. To the modern novelist this comes naturally, for he creates his characters and immediately engages in their mutual relationships, which makes them both identifiable and believable. But for Defoe such a technique was not to hand. Nor did the circumstances of his protagonist allow for such. He has no option but to strive for rea lism through the context of autobiography.However, even the most vivid realism would not have made Robinson Crusoe a novel, if it was not for the continuing conversation that Crusoe establishes with God. This is the accidental feature that qualifies this work of literature as a novel. non only this, but because the relationship that it considers is the most fundamental one, it becomes the protean novel, i.e. that starting point from which all other novels stem. It accomplishes the most difficult task, which is to establish the individual though his relationship with God and the universe.After this all subsequent novels can engage in the simpler task of exploring the relationships between individuals. This is why the mood of the novel is extremely dismal throughout. It has led Charles Dickens to comment Robinson Crusoe should be the only instance of a universally popular book that could make no one laugh and could make no one cry (599). It is too serious for the ordinary emotions. Dickens himself wrote novels that made the nation laugh and cry with abandon, and such is what we normally expect from the medium.In conclusion, in Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe has created a character that establishes the individual of modern capitalism. In his circumstance of isolation on a deserted island, and also in his discovery of God therein, Defoe finds the opportunity to demonstrate the Protestant work ethic in action.Through the portrayal of the work ethic we discover the emergence of capitalism and individualism, both pass on in tandem. As Crusoe strengthens his communion with God he discovers his individual self, and at the same time senses more and more his mastery and possession over the island. At the same time we notice the emergence of a new literary form, the novel. It is not only the ideal medium for the expression of capitalistic individualism, but was also historically the means by which it came to be established.Works CitedAllen, Walter Ernest. The English No vel A Short Critical History. Boston Dutton, 1955.Chesterton, Gilbert Keith. The Victorian Age in Literature. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press, 1966.Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. ICON Group International, 2006.Dickens, Charles. Selected Journalism, 1850-1870. Ed. David Pascoe. New York Penguin Classics, 1997.Grapard, Ulla. Robinson Crusoe The quintessential economic man? Feminist Economics.1.1 (March 1995) 33-52.Keane, Patrick J. Coleridges Submerged Politics The Ancient Mariner and Robinson Crusoe. Ann Arbor University of Missouri Press, 1994.Marx, Karl. dandy An Abridged Edition. Contributor David McLellan. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press, 1999.Marshall, David. Autobiographical Acts in Robinson Crusoe. ELH. 71.4 (Winter 2004) 899-920.Mathias, Peter. Economic Growth and Robinson Crusoe. European Review. 15 (2007) 17-31.Phillips, Richard. Mapping Men and Empire A Geography of Adventure. London Routledge, 1997.Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Tra nslated by Gordon C Wells, Peter R Baehr. New York Penguin Classics, 2002.Whately, Rich. Introductory Lectures on Political Economy. 4th ed. London, 1855.Zaleski, Philip. The Strange Shipwreck of Robinson Crusoe. First Things A Journal of Religion, Culture, and Public Life. 53 (May 1995) 38-44.

School Physical Plant Management

trail Physical Plant Management What do you understand with the term school coiffure? The school plant is the totality of all things that make up a school system. It involves the physical and material facilities in form of buildings, school site and the environment that embody the school. Moreover, a school plants include the site, the building and equipment and this include the permanent structures like workshop, libraries, classrooms, laboratories and semi permanent structures like the educational system itself.The school facilities consist of all types of buildings for faculty memberian and non-academic activities, equipment for academic and non- academic activities, areas for sports and games, landscape, farms and gardens including trees, roads and paths. Others include furniture and toilet facilities, lighting, acoustics, storage facilities and packing lot, security, transportation, ICT, cleaning materials, food services, and special facilities for the physically challenged persons. Describe the 2 major functions of school plant?An Environment to Facilitate Learning The primary purpose of the teaching and learning process is to bring about in the learner suitable change in behavior through critical thinking. This process does not take bespeak in a vacuum but rather in an environment structured to facilitate learning. Hence, this environment of an organization as all elements relevant to its operation and they include direct and indirect action elements. School facilities, catch up with the major components of both direct and indirect action elements in the environment of learning.Feature Article Country School Allen CurnowThese facilities play pivotal role in the actualization of the educational goals and objectives by satisfying the physical and emotional needs of the staff and students of the school. Knezevich (1975, p. 563) emphasized that the physical needs are met through provision of harmless structure, adequate sanitary facilities, a balanc ed visual environment, appropriate thermal environment, and sufficient shelter space for his work and play. His emotional needs are met by creating pleasant surrounding, a friendly atmosphere, and an inspiring environment.The educational system has undergone tremendous changes in the form of its philosophy, broadened goals and objectives, new approaches to service delivery and architectural design, quantum leap in school enrolment, multiplicity of curricula programmes and extra-curricula activities, introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and expanded academic support services such as guidance services to students, teachers and the community, integrating of the school and community. 3. In what ways does instructional program influence the nature of school plant? Schools exist for the purpose of teaching and learning.Human and material resources are deployed for this purpose. School facilities are the material resources provided for staff and students to optim ize their productivity in the teaching and learning process. The realization that the transfer of knowledge does not only take place in the four walls of the classroom from the teacher to the students but rather that learning takes place through discovery, exploration, interaction with the internal and external environment has necessitated the creative and progressive development of teaching and learning facilities that reflect these changes.Schools exist to serve socio-economic and political needs of the ever-changing society, consequently, they are in constant interaction with their external environment. They regain inputs from the external environment in the form of human and material resources, processes them and empty same into the society as finished products and services. The quality of the products bears a direct kinship with the quality of the facilities deployed in the process of the production.This demands that state of the art facilities are provided in schools to pre pare school leavers for life in the global village. Several studies have shown that a close relationship exists between the physical environment and the academic performance of students. Nwagwu (1978) and Ogunsaju (1980) maintained that the quality of education that children receive bears direct relevance to the availability or lack thereof of physical facilities and overall atmosphere in which learning takes place.For example, research findings have shown that students learn better when a combination of methods and materials are employed during teaching. Furthermore, emphasis has shifted towards giving individual attention to students as against teaching large classes which presupposes that all students in a class have the ability to learn at the same pace. The implication of the foregoing is that in designing school plant, provision should be made for individual and small group interaction and for large groups for academic and social activities.

Succubus Blues CHAPTER 23

Two, he said after a moments hesitation. Just two.Just two, I repeated flatly, thinking oh shit. Is that including you?Yes.I rubbed my temples, wondering how I could warn Jerome and Carter that we had two nephilim to deal with now. No one had mentioned that possibility.Someone should accommodate known that, I muttered, more to myself than to roman letters. Someone should brace sense it there would contain been two different nephilim signatures. Thats how Jerome knew it was you. You have a unique signature no one else has it.No one else, Roman agreed with a smirk, except my infant.Oh shit.Jerome didnt mention more than one ah. I blinked in sudden understanding. Jerome, by his own admission, hadnt actu aloney been around for the birth. Twins? Or more? The archdemon could have fathered quintuplets for all I knew.Roman shook his head, still highly amused at my deductions. Only twins. Just the two of us.So this is a family act thusly? You two hit the road together, button from town to town, wreaking havocNothing so glamorous, love. Usually its just me. My sister tries to keep a low write spends more time on her job and living her life. She doesnt rattling get caught up in grand machinations.Then howd you rope her into this one? Again, I fancy about Eriks lecture, how most nephilim simply wished to be left alone.She lives here. In Seattle. Were on her turf, so I talked her into going in on the final kill with me. She wasnt really into any of the stuff with the lesser immortals.Except beating on me, I pointed out.I am sorry about that. I think you pissed her off.I dont even know her, I exclaimed, wondering which was worse a nephilim in love with me or a nephilim holding a grudge.He just smiled. I wouldnt be so sure of that. He reached out to touch me, almost casually, and I backed away, making his smile slip. Now whats wrong?What do you suppose? You think you can just dump this on me and then expect things to be all peachy between us?Well, why not? Ho nestly, what have you got left to worry about? I opened my mouth to protest, but he continued before I could speak Ive already told you, Im not going to hurt you or any of your friends. The completely person left on my list is someone you dont even know or care about. Thats it. End of story.Oh yea? Whatll happen then? After you kill Carter?He shrugged. Then I leave. Ill find someplace to hang out for a while. Probably teach again. He leaned toward me, holding my gaze. You could come with me, you know.What?Think about it. He spoke eagerly, excitement growing with each word. You and me. You could settle down and do all the things you like to do your books, your saltation without any immortal politics to muck your life up.I scoffed. Hardly. Its not like I can stop being a succubus. I still need sex to survive.Yes, yes, I know youd still have to tag the occasional victim, but think about the times in between. You and me. Together. universe with someone you dont have to worry about hurting. Being with someone simply for the pleasure of it, not for survival. No superiors to harass you about meeting your quotas.Seth came to head word just then, part of me idly wondering what itd be like to be with him just for pleasure.Shifting back to my harsh reality, I told Roman, I cant just electioneering off. Seattle is my post. I have slew to answer to they wouldnt let me leave.Cupping my face in his hands, he whispered, Georgina, Georgina. I can protect you from them. I have the effect to hide you. You can live your own life. No more answering to the bureaucracy above. We can be free.Those hypnotic eyes hooked me like a fish on a line. For centuries, I had lived out immortality achingly alone, bouncing from one short-term relationship to another, ending any connection that got too deep. Now, Roman was here. I was attracted to him, and I didnt have to push him away. I couldnt hurt him through physical contact. We could be together. We could wake up together. We could live out eternity together. I would neer have to be lonely again.Longing surged up within me. I wanted it. Oh God, I wanted it. I didnt want to hear Jerome chastise me for my all lowlifes, all the time seduction policy. I wanted to come home and tell someone about my day. I wanted to go out dancing on the weekends. I wanted to take vacations together. I wanted someone to hold me when I was upset, when the ups and downs of the world pushed me too far.I wanted someone to love.His words blazed through me, piercing my heart. I knew, however, they were only that words. Eternity is a long time we couldnt hide forever. Eventually wed be found, or when Roman in conclusion got done for(p) on one of his protest missions, Id be exposed and have a lot of angry demons to answer to. He was offering me a childs dream, an impractical ideate with a short-lived, doomed run.Furthermore, trial off with Roman meant complying with the outcome of this insane plot of his. Logically, I could understand his angst and desire to lash back. I felt for his sister even if she inexplicably hated me who simply wanted to live an ordinary life. I had seen slaughter and bloodshed over the historic period, the extinction of entire populations of people whose names and cultures no one remembered today. To live with that over and over throughout these long millennia, to always be on the run, hiding simply because of an accident of birth yes, perhaps I would be pissed off too.Yet, I still could not see that as sufficient reason for the random killing of immortals, simply to prove a point. The fact that I knew these immortals personally made it worse. Carters attitude still unnerved me, yes, but he had saved my life, and my days with him hadnt been unbearable. If anything, Roman should laud the angel. The nephilims biggest complaint was that immortals stayed locked into primitive sets of rules and roles, but Carter had broken the mold an angel who chose friendship with his hypothetical enemi es. He and Jerome typified the kind of rebellious, nonconforming lifestyle so advocated by Roman.Too bad that didnt be to be enough to dissuade the nephilim. I wondered if I could.No, I told him. I cant do it. And you dont have to do it either.Do what?This plot. Killing Carter. Just let him go. let it all go. Violence only begets more violence, not peace.Im sorry, love. I cant. Theres no peace for my kind.I reached out and touched his face. You call me that, but do you really mean it? Do you love me?He caught his breath, and I suddenly realized he could be just as hypnotized by my eyes as I was by his. Yes. I do.Then do this for me if you love me. Walk away. Walk away from Seattle. I Ill go with you if you do.I hadnt realized Id meant it until the words fly my lips. Running off was a childs fantasy, true, but it would be worth it if I could avert what was to come.You mean it?Yes. As long as you can keep me safe.I can keep you safe, butHe stepped away from me and paced around, runn ing a hand through his hair in consternation.I cant walk away, he finally told me. Almost anything in the world I would do for you, but not this. You cant imagine what its been like. You think immortalitys been cruel to you? Imagine what its like always running, always notice your back. I have just as much trouble settling down as you. Thank God for my sister. Shes the only one I have, the only mainstay in my life. The only one I loved until you, at least.She can come with usHe closed his eyes. Georgina, when my mother was still existing millennia ago we lived in a camp with some of the other nephilim and their mothers. We were always running, always trying to stay ahead of those pursuing us. One night Ill never forget it. They found us, and I swear, Armageddon itself could never be so terrible. I dont even know who did it angels, demons, or whatever. I mean, when it comes down to it, theyre all the same really. ravishing and terrible.Yes, I whispered. Ive seen them.Then you know what they can do. They swept in and just destroyed everyone. It didnt matter who. Nephilim children. Humans. Everyone was considered a liability.But you escaped?Yes. We were lucky. Most werent. He off back to look at me. His heartache made my eyes burn. Do you see now? Do you see now why I have to do this?You only further the bloodshed.I know, Georgina. For Christs sake, I know. But I have no choice.I saw in his face then that he hated being a part of that bloodshed, part of the same destructive behavior that had haunted his childhood. But I also saw that he was inextricably tied to that. He could not escape it. He had lived too long, so much longer than me. The years of fear and anger and blood had twisted him. He had to see this game played out.Ifight every day to not let the past overtake me. Sometimes I win, sometimes it does.I have no choice, he repeated, face desperate. But you do. I still want you to come with me when Im done.A choice. Yes, I did have a choice. A choice between him and Carter. Or did I? Was there anything I could do to save Carter at this point? Did I want to save Carter? For all I knew, Carter had slaughtered countless nephilim children over the years in the name of good. Maybe he deserved the punishment Roman wanted to mete out. What were good and evil, really, but stupid categories? Stupid categories that restricted people and punished or rewarded them based on how they responded to their own natures, natures they really didnt have any way to control.Roman was right. The system was flawed. I just didnt know what to do about it.What I needed was time. Time to think about all of this, time to figure out a way that would save angel and nephilim both, if much(prenominal) a feat were possible. I didnt know how to buy that time, though, not with Roman standing there staring at me, aflame with his romantic notion of running off together.Time. I needed time and had no idea how to get it. I had no powers to help in a situation like this . If Roman decided I was a threat, I would be unable to fight against him. A nephilimcould easily blow one of you out of the water. I could not punch divine strings and contracts like Hugh, had no superhuman reflexes and strength like Cody and Peter. I was a succubus. I changed shape and had sex with men. That was it.That was it

Jp Morgan&Co./ Chase Manhattan Bank Merger

JP Morgan&Co. / imitate Manhattan commit Merger 1. Introduction The combining of two or much companies, generally by crack the stockholders of one beau monde securities in the acquiring company in exchange for the surrender of their stock. (referenca 1) Mergers are a common practice in the business valet because they enable increased efficiency and market share. 2. History 2. 1. JP Morgan&Co. J. P. Morgan & Co. , was founded in New York in 1871 as Drexel, Morgan & Co. by J. Pierpont Morgan and Philadelphia entruster Anthony Drexel.The firm made its first big dust in 1879 when it sold financier William Vanderbilts New York Central Railroad stock without driving down the share price. (referenca 4) During the late 19th century and untimely 20th century J. P. Morgan & Co. financed a lot of engineering and innovative projects. Some examples funded by it are the Brooklyn Bridge and the Panama Canal construction. Besides these projects it was also baffle at the birth of aviation, providing banking services to the pioneering Wright brothers from the early years through their invention of the worlds first successful airplane. referenca 4)During the years of World War I r, J. P. Morgan & Co. aided the British and French, arranging a $500 million loan r, J. P. Morgan & Co. aided the British and French, arranging a $500 million loan. In 1959 Morgan unify with Guaranty Trust Co. (commercial and investment banking) to create Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York, later forming a guardianship company that restored the famous J. P. Morgan & Co. name. (referenca 4) 2. 2. heed Manhattan shore Chase Manhattan Bank was formed in the year 1955 with the merger of Chase National Bank and the Bank of the Manhattan Company. referenca 2) In the 1970s, Chase added nearly 40 new branches, example offices, affiliates, subsidiaries and joint ventures outside the United States. In 1973 Chase opened a representative office in Moscow, which was the first presence for a U. S. ban k in the Soviet Union since the 1920s. It also became the first U. S. correspondent to the Bank of China since Chinese Revolution . (referenca 4) During the 1970s and 1980s the Chase Manhattan Bank was led by David Rockefeller, and it emerged as one of the largest and most prestigious banking concerns.It had leadership positions in syndicated lending, treasury and securities services, credit cards, mortgages, and retail financial services. (referenca3) The Chase Money Card was the first endorse debit card offered by a bank in New York. In 1985 Spectrum was launched, which is an electronic home banking service that not only permitted banking transactions hardly also allowed customers to buy and sell stocks through a discount broker affiliated with Chase. (referenca 4) Chase Manhattan Bank is the product of two megadeals that came earlier, its mergers with Manufacturers Hanover and Chemical. In 1991, Manufacturers Hanover Corp. erged with Chemical Banking Corp. , under(a) the name of Chemical Banking Corp. , then the second-largest banking institution in the United States. (referenca5) Then in 1996 Thomas G. Labrecque merged the Chase Manhattan Bank with the Chemical Banking Corp. (referenca2) This merger created the largest bank holding company in the United States at that time, and it was prior to the merger with JP Morgan&Co. 3. JP&Morgan Chase & Co. On December 31 of year 2000 the two banks J. P. Morgan &Co. and Chase Manhattan Bank united to create the name of J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. keeping two of the most established names in U.S. banking. This merger created a financial services ball of fire and became a strong rival of firms such are Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley Dean Witter. (refernca 6) Before the merger the CEO of the Chase Manhattan Bank was William Harrison, and of the J. P. Morgan & Co. was Douglas Warner. After the creation of the combined company, J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. the Chief Executive and president was assigned Will iam Harrison while Douglas Warner was retained as a chairman. (referenca 7) The merger was approved by the Federal Reserve Board on December 11 and by the New York Banking Board on December 14, 2000. referenca 8) In 1999, the two banks combined had net income of approximately $7. 5 meg and taxation of approximately $31 billion. With the settlement of the deal, valued $36 billion, it acquired $660 billion of assets. (referenca 6) Under the deal J. P. Morgan stockholders received 3. 7 shares of Chase. The newly created company is a financial holding company, a global financial services firm and a banking institution in the United States of America. It operates worldwide, in more than 60 countries to provide corporate banking solutions to clients. referenca 3) It is move in different kinds of activities such are in investment banking, financial services for consumers and small businesses, commercial banking, financial transaction processing, asset management and unavowed equity. (r eferenca 9) After the merger of the year 2000 came more mergers and acquisitions of the Company with other institutions that would shape it to its final form. Below are listed some of the most important ones * In 2004, Bank One Corp. merged with J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. , keeping the name JPMorgan Chase & Co. by uniting the investment and commercial banking skills of J. P.Morgan Chase with the consumer banking strengths of Bank One. (referenca 5) * In 2008, J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. acquired The cede Stearns Companies Inc. , strengthening its capabilities across a broad range of businesses, including prime brokerage, cash clearing and energy trading globally. (referenca 4) * In 2008, J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. paid $1. 9 billion to the F. D. I. C. to acquire all of WaMus assets, branches and deposits. With WaMu, J. P. Morgan had $905 billion in deposits and 5,400 branches nationwide, rivaling Bank of America in size and reach. (referenca 9) The major businesses of the J. P.Morgan are * Investment Banking- The firm serves 8,000 clients in more than 60 countries. Clients includecorporations,financial institutions, governments andinstitutional investors. (referenca 10) It offers a full range of investment banking products and services in all major capital markets. * Card Services- The company has 94 million cards in circulation and $135 billion in managed loans. (referenca 10) They are distributed and designed to satisfy the needs individual consumers, small businesses and partner companies. * retail Financial Services-It is formed to help consumers and businesses with their financial needs.This sector includesconsumer banking, small business banking, auto, education, insurance and home finance. * Commercial Banking-Serves its clients with activities like lending, treasury services, investment banking and asset management. (referenca 5) * exchequer & Securities Services- Is one of the largest cash management providers in the world to support the CFOs, treasurers, i ssuers andinvestors. (referenca 10) * Asset Management- A global leader in managing investments and wealth for its clients. References 1. http//www. investopedia. com/terms/m/merger. asp viperaxzz2IEmsQoNR 2. http//www. ndb. com/company/684/000052528/ 3. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/JPMorgan_ChaseControversies 4. http//www. jpmorganchase. com/corporate/About-JPMC/document/shorthistory. pdf 5. http//www. jpmorganchase. com/corporate/About-JPMC/jpmorgan-history. htm 6. http//www. forbes. com/2000/10/18/1016topdeals_2. html 7. http//cnnfn. cnn. com/2000/09/13/deals/chase_morgan/ 8. http//www. innercitypress. org/jpmcmb1. html 9. http//topics. nytimes. com/top/news/business/companies/morgan_j_p_chase_and_company/index. html? offset=10&s=newest 10. http//www. marketswiki. com/mwiki/JPMorgan_Chase_%26_Co.

NFL Concussions

On the other hand, the nature football game game is very aggressive ND hazardous. There are m some(prenominal) fans view in that respect should be little to no regulations or stirs because football is meant to be an aggressive caper. Football is considered to be a holy sport for around raft in America. Thousands of fans watch each game and revolve their schedule around the NFG. The NFG has started trying to prevent buffets in 2010 the NFG made a new rule that a player cannot tackle another player in division to head contact. As the fans and players started rioting against this rule, it helped in preventing concussions.There are often many injuries involved in the sport of oddball, only most injuries consist of concussions and other head sufferings. A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that is caused by a ottoman to the head or body, a fall, or another injury that shakes the brain inside the skull. Although there whitethorn be cuts or bruises on the head or f ace, there may be no other visible signs of a brain injury. The NFG necessarily to start implementing strict rules and harder punishments for people who play soggy or try to hurt others. Many players have been relate so hard to the extent that the injuries end their careers.Players often have long term make from most injuries involved n football. These players being injured with a concussion is a upright matter because there is no physical signs of the injury. Although it is obvious that the NFG of necessity to nourish its players better, many people suave believe otherwise. Those people believe that football is football, it is meant for being aggressive and scoreting hard. They also say that players are being penalized for some social function that happened accidental. Although this may be true sometimes, without the rules players can take advantage and play dirty. (WV.NFG. Com) The NFG data commemorates an average of one reported concussion both other game. round cxx to 130 concussions occur per regular season. Every form that NFG rules get stricter, the number of concussions decreases. These rules need to become more than than strict because concussions are a serious thing to have and most people usually dont exist when they one. A reporter from USA Today explains how coaches should approach this matter. He express, Signs and symptoms of concussions may be delayed, and therefrom it may be prudent to remove an athlete from play, but when in doubt, take a timeout (ships bell).NFG isnt really doing much in dealing with the concussions. In the by year more than 160 players went down with a head injury. In response, the NFG fines players for their bad judgment on the field, which means nothing to them. Steve Inspire reported a bare-ass England defensive back stating, Fines never mattered to me, being suspend for hitting a player helmet to helmet caught my attention. Because fines dont matter to a millionaire. Also, people might say these r ules well-nigh players not being able to tackle the way they want leave alone cause them to not play as well and soften them up.Sports reporter gobbler Goldman said its football, openhanded hits are and always will be a part of the sport. (Goldman). However, as professionals they should know how to change their name and adapt to the newer and safer rules of the NFG. They are allowed to hit as hard as they want but its where they are hitting that is the problem. In the NFG if a defensive player hits a quarter back helmet to helmet he is penalized. Also, if a defensive player hits a quarter back later the play he is penalized. NFG has to try harder in protecting their players.In the past there where exactly any rules, players didnt even wear metal helmets. They wore leather Ones which didnt protect them at all. Players in the past were twice more likely to get a concussion thus players are now. The NFG rules on incursions are now stricter, but the amount of concussions this yea r is still too high. In the future, players should wear better helmets and have more peddle on. There should be a medical round on the sidelines in case of emergencies. Also, they should have operating rooms if injuries are too severe.After a big hit the player shouldnt come back to game unless a doctor agrees. Reporter says If a certified athletic trainer were to peck the hit again slow motion from a replay, he might say wait a minute we need to check him out. (McCann) Reporter Garret Bell explains field general Colt McCoy was allowed to continue play after suffering a concussion, Macys hand was checked out, but was never tested for a concussion because the medical staff didnt see the replay and missed the head get hit. After all the rules NFG has changed this year it still didnt fix the problem.This year three major quarterbacks where injured from concussions which is an spokesperson of how the NFG still hasnt done enough to protect its players. Jay Cutler from the Chicago B ears, Alex smith from the San Francisco errs, and Michael Vicki from the Philadelphia Eagles has been injured this year with concussions. Jay Cutler and the Bears didnt make it to the playoffs because of his injury. They started their season 7-1 , and when Jay Cutler got injured they finished the season 9-6. Michael Vicki missed the football season. Alex Smith lost his starting possession after he was injured.All these players and their teams were alter because one person wasnt careful enough to control himself. NFG hasnt done enough as shown by each of those Quarterbacks. Because the NFG has started to make a lot Of changes towards injuries this year retired football players feel that they should have gotten this treatment when they were playing. Thats why many football veterans are suing the NFG today. A reporter from USA TODAY says The NFG is a target of federal lawsuits by more than 3,700 former players who allege that for decades the league failed to protect from concussions and their long-term effects.Today Boston will bother a report that includes the cases of 33 former NFG players diagnosed after their deaths with brain damage linked to repeated concussions. (Misses) Another reporter states There is a affection called continuing traumatic brain disorder which is often associated with concussions. Studies show that this can be incipient in people as young as 18. (Bell) Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is a degenerative brain disease that results in behaviors similar to Alchemists disease. However, according to researchers, it has a clear environmental cause of repeated brain trauma alternatively than a genetic cause.This disease is most often known from ex-boxers, so it as if players are being punched in the head. Though this disease doesnt show up right away it often shows up later in their life. So players are not only being affected during their time playing football, but even after 20, 30, or even 40 years after they retire. With all the step s the NFG has to modify layer safety, against all the backdrops of the hundreds of ex- players suing the NFG for not revealing more knowledge about head injuries said reporter Garret Bell.There are hundreds of parents that dont allow their children to play football from how easily things can wrong, even after subtle youth football players do drills aimed at reducing their risks of concussions. Football is a beautiful sport and a great exercise. If the NFG doesnt start making changes shortly to improve their players safety it may be stopped as a professional sport in America, especially if players keep receiving concussions ND diseases from the sport. Players, teams, and cities have been affected by these concussions.The NFG ended up realizing this problem 3 years ago in 201 0 and still hasnt fixed it. It is reported In 201 0 by 6 weeks of the season it was reported that 35 players have been on injury lists, unable to play because of head injuries. (Goldman) If everyone were to watch football they would see what players go through and through every game. Players that are hurt the most are the ones that dont see it coming. They are most often hit on their blind side. Many people know the NFG-L inevitably to change, but very few people are trying to change it.Journalist Gary Misses explains, The NFG is stressing a change in culture when it comes to a head injury. (USA TODAY) In the NFG, football players should learn drills on how to tackle properly to reduce concussions. They should also, be put in simulations and scrimmages to learn how to avoid this harmful injury. Furthermore, players should be tested in advance football season to see how fragile their bodies are. That way teams can determine the amount of padding a player needs. All in all, it is obvious that the NFG needs to change its rules and regulations for the sake of the players and for the sake of the game.NFL ConcussionsOn the other hand, the nature football is very aggressive ND hazardous. T here are many fans think there should be little to no regulations or changes because football is meant to be an aggressive sport. Football is considered to be a holy sport for most people in America. Thousands of fans watch each game and revolve their schedule around the NFG. The NFG has started trying to prevent concussions in 2010 the NFG made a new rule that a player cannot tackle another player in head to head contact. As the fans and players started rioting against this rule, it helped in preventing concussions.There are often many injuries involved in the sport of oddball, but most injuries consist of concussions and other head traumas. A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that is caused by a blow to the head or body, a fall, or another injury that shakes the brain inside the skull. Although there may be cuts or bruises on the head or face, there may be no other visible signs of a brain injury. The NFG needs to start implementing strict rules and harder punishments for people who play dirty or try to hurt others. Many players have been hit so hard to the extent that the injuries end their careers.Players often have long term effects from most injuries involved n football. These players being injured with a concussion is a serious matter because there is no physical signs of the injury. Although it is obvious that the NFG needs to protect its players better, many people still believe otherwise. Those people believe that football is football, it is meant for being aggressive and hitting hard. They also say that players are being penalized for something that happened accidental. Although this may be true sometimes, without the rules players can take advantage and play dirty. (WV.NFG. Com) The NFG data shows an average of one reported concussion every other game. About 120 to 130 concussions occur per regular season. Every year that NFG rules get stricter, the number of concussions decreases. These rules need to become more strict because concuss ions are a serious thing to have and most people usually dont know when they one. A reporter from USA Today explains how coaches should approach this matter. He said, Signs and symptoms of concussions may be delayed, and therefore it may be prudent to remove an athlete from play, but when in doubt, take a timeout (Bell).NFG isnt really doing much in dealing with the concussions. In the past year more than 160 players went down with a head injury. In response, the NFG fines players for their bad judgment on the field, which means nothing to them. Steve Inspire reported a New England defensive back stating, Fines never mattered to me, being suspend for hitting a player helmet to helmet caught my attention. Because fines dont matter to a millionaire. Also, people might say these rules about players not being able to tackle the way they want will cause them to not play as well and soften them up.Sports reporter Tom Goldman said its football, big hits are and always will be a part of th e sport. (Goldman). However, as professionals they should know how to change their name and adapt to the newer and safer rules of the NFG. They are allowed to hit as hard as they want but its where they are hitting that is the problem. In the NFG if a defensive player hits a quarter back helmet to helmet he is penalized. Also, if a defensive player hits a quarter back after the play he is penalized. NFG has to try harder in protecting their players.In the past there where barely any rules, players didnt even wear metal helmets. They wore leather Ones which didnt protect them at all. Players in the past were twice more likely to get a concussion then players are now. The NFG rules on incursions are now stricter, but the amount of concussions this year is still too high. In the future, players should wear better helmets and have more gear on. There should be a medical staff on the sidelines in case of emergencies. Also, they should have operating rooms if injuries are too severe.Afte r a big hit the player shouldnt come back to game unless a doctor agrees. Reporter says If a certified athletic trainer were to see the hit again slow motion from a replay, he might say wait a minute we need to check him out. (McCann) Reporter Garret Bell explains Quarterback Colt McCoy was allowed to continue playing after suffering a concussion, Macys hand was checked out, but was never tested for a concussion because the medical staff didnt see the replay and missed the head get hit. After all the rules NFG has changed this year it still didnt fix the problem.This year three major quarterbacks where injured from concussions which is an example of how the NFG still hasnt done enough to protect its players. Jay Cutler from the Chicago Bears, Alex Smith from the San Francisco errs, and Michael Vicki from the Philadelphia Eagles has been injured this year with concussions. Jay Cutler and the Bears didnt make it to the playoffs because of his injury. They started their season 7-1 , a nd when Jay Cutler got injured they finished the season 9-6. Michael Vicki missed the football season. Alex Smith lost his starting possession after he was injured.All these players and their teams were affected because one person wasnt careful enough to control himself. NFG hasnt done enough as shown by each of those Quarterbacks. Because the NFG has started to make a lot Of changes towards injuries this year retired football players feel that they should have gotten this treatment when they were playing. Thats why many football veterans are suing the NFG today. A reporter from USA TODAY says The NFG is a target of federal lawsuits by more than 3,700 former players who allege that for decades the league failed to protect from concussions and their long-term effects.Today Boston will release a report that includes the cases of 33 former NFG players diagnosed after their deaths with brain damage linked to repeated concussions. (Misses) Another reporter states There is a disease call ed Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy which is often associated with concussions. Studies show that this can be incipient in people as young as 18. (Bell) Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is a degenerative brain disease that results in behaviors similar to Alchemists disease. However, according to researchers, it has a clear environmental cause of repeated brain trauma rather than a genetic cause.This disease is most often known from ex-boxers, so it as if players are being punched in the head. Though this disease doesnt show up right away it often shows up later in their life. So players are not only being affected during their time playing football, but even after 20, 30, or even 40 years after they retire. With all the steps the NFG has to improve layer safety, against all the backdrops of the hundreds of ex- players suing the NFG for not revealing more knowledge about head injuries said reporter Garret Bell.There are hundreds of parents that dont allow their children to play footb all from how easily things can wrong, even after knowing youth football players do drills aimed at reducing their risks of concussions. Football is a beautiful sport and a great exercise. If the NFG doesnt start making changes soon to improve their players safety it may be stopped as a professional sport in America, especially if players keep receiving concussions ND diseases from the sport. Players, teams, and cities have been affected by these concussions.The NFG ended up realizing this problem 3 years ago in 201 0 and still hasnt fixed it. It is reported In 201 0 through 6 weeks of the season it was reported that 35 players have been on injury lists, unable to play because of head injuries. (Goldman) If everyone were to watch football they would see what players go through every game. Players that are hurt the most are the ones that dont see it coming. They are most often hit on their blind side. Many people know the NFG-L needs to change, but very few people are trying to change it.Journalist Gary Misses explains, The NFG is stressing a change in culture when it comes to a head injury. (USA TODAY) In the NFG, football players should learn drills on how to tackle properly to reduce concussions. They should also, be put in simulations and scrimmages to learn how to avoid this harmful injury. Furthermore, players should be tested before football season to see how fragile their bodies are. That way teams can determine the amount of padding a player needs. All in all, it is obvious that the NFG needs to change its rules and regulations for the sake of the players and for the sake of the game.

Why Sony Failed?

why Sony fail? When I read Leading Change Why Transformation Efforts Fail, I straightway linked Sony with the transformation fail. Sony, the previous electrical giant, announced a record annual net going of $6. 4 billion for fiscal year 2011 in May 22 2012. This marks the fourth unbent year that Sony reported substantial losses. Transformation efforts couldnt turnaround the bad situation of Sony due to the mistakes that do by Sony in those transformation.First, Sony did not establishing a great enough sense of urgency. Sony began its diversification strategy in 1980s. By 1990s, Sony shaped game, electric, picture, and finance four main businesses. By that time, some potential crisis began to emerge. However, all of these risks were inscrutable by excellent annual reports. stock-still when Sony confronted Sony Shock in 2003, leaders of Sony couldnt realize its increment dilemma and prepare to transform.Until 2005, continued losses pushed Sony to review its strategy and re-appoi nted Sir Howard Stringer as CEO. Sony had lost a swarm of opportunities, such as LCD TV. Post core business of Sony, electrical manufacture, Second, Sony lacked a clear version. As a high technological company, innovation decided the fate of Sony. However, Sony made a fetish of its fault recognition and marketing power, and ignored the grandeur of innovation. The last great innovation of Sony is CD, which was launched in 1982.Even when Sony reintroduced innovation as its basic strategy, there was no direct process to commit the strategy, and the strategy just became an empty slogan. Even today, Sony cannot have a leading technology in its areas. Now, Sony appointed a new CEO, who emphasized the importance of innovation for Sony. There isnt enough time left to the new CEO, and maybe Sony will break down in future several years. Hiroko Tabuchi First Published Mon, Apr 16 2012. 06 26 PM IST How Sony failed to keep up with the tech revolution

How Fashion Effects Today’s Society

Fashion has been a major set out of our society for hundreds of years. In most societies, years ago, the way an individual garnisheeed may have identify their social class, political standing, or maybe even their respective age group. Fashion has evolved so rapidly oer the years, from the zoot suit in the 30s, to the bell-bottoms and Afros of the 70s, and finally to the Mohawk and skinny jeans timid by individuals today. However, has fashioned evolved for the better? Fashion has been used as a way to establish a type of individualism and set a person aside from others.Because fads have evolved so rapidly over the years in unique and bizarre ways due to todays media, they have been nonstandard in todays society. During a classic discussion of fashion change by George Simmel, a major German sociologist says that, fashion was nothing more than a process of imitation. (Johnson, 2003). This process leads to equalization and finally the need to further differentiate ones self. The i nnovation of fashion derives from the privileged social classes from those found underneath. (Johnson, 2003).Simmel proposes that, the more elite group social class plays a major role in the change in fashion with the trickle-down surmise regarding fashion. (Johnson, 2003). However, in todays society the media plays a very specific role in pinpointing the trends and styles considered as todays fashion. People in todays society, mainly the younger crowd, thrive for a sense of belonging and acceptance. Teenagers view a music video, flip through a magazine, and see an mechanic or actor portraying a certain image.They immediately want to emulate those images to fit in with society and be accepted by their peers. Some of us can relate to having been young at one point and wanting to buy the newest shoes that our favorite basketball player put out. harmonize to a Speaking of Fashion article, public demeanors have been encoded in a panoply of theories concerning topics dealing with mor ality, individuality, and the relation of appearance to deeper character traits. (Reference and Research, 2010).The way someone is dressed can affect the likelihood of that person getting elect for a job. The way you dress can discredit a particular event. (WordPress Admin, 2008). Fashion has become such a major factor in todays society on so galore(postnominal) levels. Fashion can effect the way people are perceived by others, especially when it comes to concourse an individual for the first time. (WordPress Admin, 2008). In this new world, people dont get a snatch chance at a first impression.As discussed in the previous paragraphs fashion is amongst one of the things people touch at when makingan impression or wanting to appear a certain way in the eyes of others. Fashion has its own lifecycle and will eventually make full circle throughout the years. What keeps fashion alive are celebrities such as music artists and actors. When the public sees the way these individuals dress their styles are often duplicated from the East Coast to the West and back. When going to a job for an interview we imitate the dress code of the company and wear something to adapt to our surroundings of what the job position is.

Off Balance Sheet Financing Practices Essay

OBSF is most of the times subroutined by melodic phrase enterprises to importanttain their leverage or gearing positions in such a way which would not progress to any negative implications on the company. In the business world of today, OBSF is recognized as an important doer for raising finance by operator of operating leases, go venture and collaborations with esteem to R& international ampereD. Following Off Balance Sheet Financing method results in significant variations in the boilers suit pecuniary coverage of an entity.Considering the changes in accounting and financial reporting requirements, it is generally expected that the companies using these technique will be more than equal to(p) to run their operations efficiently. However, keeping in view the slip-up of hit agreement sail funding and accounting in this respect, it is argued that while using OBSF companies ar able to not disclose entirely the financing of their capital expenditures and thus the in formation required to be unwrap in this respect is not made available to the interested parties (Tyrrell 1986).This report discusses this atomic number 18a of accounting and explains how OBSF is real promoted by the market economies and the expectations of increase clams from the companies. The usage of murder repose flat solid accounting and financing is not new. In the beginning of 20th century, this concept of managing a companys balance sheet gained fame and the banking and other corporate sector applied this technique in their best possible interest with the main objective of keeping their balance sheets light weighted. Apart from a benefiting role played by the off balance sheet ccounting techniques, in that respect are some serious consequences which are often associated with the application of this concept. As for instance, it is argued that among many other reasons, the practices of off balance financing and accounting also had a significant circumstances in the rec ent financial downturn (Allen, et al. 2002). In this regard, Enron would be a good example to require upon. While striving for a healthy outlook of Enrons balance sheet, the management made use of special purpose entities with the objective of do large transactions which would not appear on the balance sheet of the company.This resulted in a healthy balance sheet outlook with huge of amounts of capital inflows and at the expense of nothing. However, this bubble of progress did not last long as the companys stock prices started fluctuating sharply and consistently. These events created a sense of being not informed entirely about the companys operations among the investors and after the Enrons climax, the regulators jumped in with Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002. The Act was aimed at securing the investments of investors and introducing regulations with respect to corporate social responsibility.But these checks proved to be ineffective upon the emergence of the financial crisis in 2008 (Hall and Liedtka 2007). add in the global competition and more expectations from the investors and shareholders to maximize their value of investments are regarded as the driving forces in the market which influence management to improve the financial picture of a company. In addition, these expectations pose insistency on the management to find ways which may result in better presentation of the financial statements and improved earnings (Boot and Thakor 1991).The Banking sector in particular and other sectors in general are loosely seen following this approach. As for instance, there has been observed a trend of investing in such portfolios and instruments which are regarded as high risk investments. But the intention behind this is to improve or strictly stating expatiate the earnings of an enterprise without having regard to the riskiness of such investment decisions and the fact that the stakeholders of the business need vindication of such improvements in the accomplish ance in the form of financial statements disclosures.For the purposes of obtaining security on the risky investments, corporations go to enter into complex third party arrangements which cannot be disclosed in the financial statements. Apart from this, mavin other motivating factor which is regarded as the major reason behind this approach of management is that they experience their own interests and objectives. As for instance, managers are better off in their performance appraisals when the company is showing profits consistently (Boone and Raman 2001).The practices of off balance sheet financing and accounting, as stated earlier, comprise of operating leases, joint venture and collaborations with respect to R&D. Among these options, operating lease holds special importance and is given more consideration by the management due to the fact that they require minimum disclosures in the financial statements and are usually for a long term. Lease accounting is covered by IAS 17, SSAP 21 (UK) and FAS 13 (USA) (McGerty 2004, Lim, Mann and Mihov 2005). earlier to the formulation of these accounting standards, there were no obligations on the companies to disclose in their financial statements the future payments related to lease and therefore leasing was recognized as an off balance sheet financing technique. Apart from leasing techniques, there are various other methods being employed by incompatible companies to move certain items off the balance sheet of the company. The use of off balance sheet techniques has been used to manipulate things.The most unremarkably used techniques to manipulate the financial information presented in the balance sheet of a company embroil swaps, variable interest entities (VIEs) and Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) (Ketz 2003). Although these tools have been used by companies around the world for different purposes which are mostly disclosed and transparent but the misuse of these tools has been also observed frequently by wa y of not disclosing the true facts. This practice has caused major setbacks to the global economy and also shattered the self-reliance of shareholders and investors (Hall and Liedtka 2007).As for instance, the collapse of Lehman Brothers is argued to have resulted due to off balance sheet approach followed by the company. In order to narrow down its balance sheet, Lehman Brothers moved its assets worth US dollar 50 one million million million from its balance sheet with the objective of portraying less amount of debt in the balance sheet (Rezny 2010). memory in view the above discussion and the facts stated related to the real world cases, it can be said that it is high time for the respective authorities to take measures in relation to this area of financial reporting.It is recommended that the governmental authorities and other financial reporting standards issuing bodies shall intervene appropriately through the repair channels to ensure transparency in the financial reportin g. Apart from this, the board of directors of corporations shall standardize the decision making processes and perform an effective oversight duty. In addition, it shall be made obligatory for business enterprises notwithstanding the sectors into which they fall, that all transaction shall be disclosed appropriately in the financial statements.Furthermore, the managers shall be motivated not pressurized to perform in the best interest of the organizations (Adams 1998). While concluding this report, it can be said that applying off balance sheet accounting and financing, whether for a good or evil purpose, has become necessary due to the increased expectations of the investors and shareholders related to the profitability of a business concern and also for the purposes of improving the financial statements overlook.Moreover, the lack of regulative measures in this respect also has its share in promoting the adoption of this approach. Apart from this, it can also be stated that the benefits resulting from off balance sheet accounting are also considered as a means of attaining hidden objectives by managers which in turn motivates them to misuse the concept and benefit from the restrictive loopholes.For the purposes of addressing these issues, it is pertinent that the regulatory authorities who are responsible shall make such arrangements which may promote such financial reporting practices which are more representative of the facts. In addition to this, the disclosure requirements related to off balance sheet accounting and financing activities are required to be revisited.